Language Essay Essay Example for Free

Language Essay Essay Introduction Language is universal way to express how a person feels. So of course, it is essential in cultures to express their individuality within life. Most of the time people do not put a lot of speculation on what mental processes may be taking place subconsciously. These mental processes allow a person to think, speak, and express their personal thoughts through language. In order to properly analyze that language, cognition must be a part of the mental processes too. In this essay, we will delve deeper into how language and cognition are associated. Language Lexicon Language is an efficient and consequential use of information, which can be both comprehended and used by all living things. It is also the communication of thoughts to language. According to Merriam-Webster (2014), cognitive psychology can be defined as, â€Å"a branch of psychology concerned with mental processes (as perception, thinking, learning, and memory) especially with respect to the internal events occurring between sensory stimulation and the overt expression of behavior.† Accordingly, when a person or animal learns to understand through the use of language, and with the capacity of that language, there can be a cognitive process that helps to separate humans from animals. Language is completely generative, dynamic, structured, and communicative. In language, a lexicon is known as the vocabulary or psychological language. A lexicon can hold many different types of words, which can also include how to pronounce a word, and the parts of speech for each word (Galotti, 2014). A lexicon is used to help a person understand words that are spoken, and their meanings. The spoken words are compared to a person’s lexicon, which is how a person can understand what the word is. It could be near impossible to understand a language or vocabulary without lexicons. The use of lexicons are a very important part of a person’s language. Key Features of Language There are many key features that make a language. The following are the main properties: generative, communicative, dynamic, and structured. Language is considered generative because, a person has an unlimited capacity as to how they build their personal languages. Language allows people to communicate with one another, and it also allows other animals to communicate within the same species as well. Language is dynamic because it is forever changing, and also develops people into having larger vocabularies. Lastly, the structure of language plainly shows exactly how convoluted it truly is. The great thing about language, is that it can adapt and expand as a person learns more information. New words can be added to a language or vocabulary, while others can be erased or updated (Galotti, 2014). Language development is different for each person. Some people are able to learn language through their cognitive functions, but sometimes, it takes more time. For an example, with children, they have to learn everything, which includes their own names, how they are feeling, how to express feeling, and objects. But they also have to learn how to use the vocabulary they are learning. Lastly, the feature that influences more cognitive processes, mainly languages that can influence thoughts. It works in a rotating structure, language helps to influence thoughts, and language also helps to regulates thoughts. A person always uses language in order to interpret their own thoughts. The main reason that language influences thought is because thoughts are when a person is consciously speaking to themselves. Levels of Language There are four different levels of language in reference to the structure and processing, phonemes, words, sentences, and texts. Phonemes are the tiniest part of sounds or units that can be used by people in order to form words. Phonemes are a person’s sounds of speech, which is similar to each letter in the alphabet. The main dilemma with phonemes are that each person’s creation of them are different. When a person studies phonetics, they are studying speech sounds and their physical properties. Words help a  person make sense of phonemes. Words are made up of by multiple spoken sounds. A sentence is, of course, a set of words which complete themselves. A sentence will also allow a person to organize their thoughts when they are preparing to speak, or to write something. A text helps a person connect sentences in order to form a small amount of information, or a paragraph. These usually help to explain a specific topic, and always have to be about one topic. All four of these structures are a crucial part of language. To put this more easily, phonemes lead to words, words lead to sentences, and sentences lead to texts (Galotti, 2014). Analyzing the Role: Language Process Cognitive Psychology In order to properly analyze the role of processing language, a person has to first understand cognitive psychology, to study mental processes. Mental processes give a person the ability to think, believe, perceive, solve problems, make decisions, remember, learn, reason, and adapt. By using these mental processes a person can begin to understand and comprehend language, and with that, the process of the language is used. If a person does not understand the language’s structure, that person will not have the capability to understand texts, sentences, words or phonemes, which all make up a language. With lack of perceptive abilities, a person may not comprehend language, with all of its entirety. Cognitive processes help determine how the language is processed within the brain. When a person begins to learn and understand language, the cognitive process is in use. Conclusion The cognitive process known as language drives a separation in between humans and other beings. The lexicon contains words in which people can use to compare other words or parts of speech. There are multiple key features of language. These key features, as stated above are, generative, communicative, dynamic, and structured. With all of these features, language can become very intricate. If a person were to completely understand each one of these key features, they will be able to understand and comprehend how necessary they are to be used within language. Also, it is crucial for a person to analyze the role that cognitive psychology plays within the process of language. Cognitive psychology is important in many aspects of a  person’s life, but especially in the language process. References: Cognitive Psychology. (2014). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/medical/cognitive%20psychology Galotti, K. M. (2014). Cognitive Psychology In and Out of the Laboratory (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Economics Essay -- Understanding Economics Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Definition of Topic: Economics is the study of supply and demand. It defines the ways that human beings allocate resources and how resources are distributed amongst a market. It allows you to see trends in current market places and predict what may happen in the future. Many different subjects were once regarded as a part of economics. Political science and even sociology were once considered part of the field. These subjects still play a major role in understanding economics but are also completely separate disciplines today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  History: Since ancient times, humans have contemplated basic economic problems. Many great minds have tried to master the subject. Aristotle and Plato were probably the first to document such studies. Both agreed that living by trade was ill fated. Influenced by Greek economic ideals the Romans built their wealth. After the fall of Rome, the Catholic Church would become the power behind most economic laws. They would condemn usury and regarded commerce as inferior to agriculture.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It wasn’t until 1776 that economics became a study of its own. Adam Smith is considered the father of economics. Through his work Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, he used mercantilism and physiocracy to develop classical economics. Smith emphasized consumption, rather than production to broaden the scope of economics. Modern thought still follows his examples for permitting self-interest in order to promote national prosperity. This is most evident when looking at today’s smaller business market.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Twenty years later, Malthus would write a discouraging, but very influential book, An Essay on the Principle of Population. Malthus believed that the human race would eventually be doomed by overpopulation. His theory was that food would increase in arithmetic ratio but population would double every generation. This theory is faulty because it does not account for disease, famine, war, etc. Malthus’ view of supply and demand left a permanent impression on generations to come. It would hence be know as â€Å"the dismal science.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Next to revolutionize economics would be the Communist Manifesto in 1848. Karl Marx had the classical vision of capitalism, Marxism was in large measure a sharp rebuttal, but to some extent it embodied variations of classical themes. For Marx, the labor theory was a clue to the inner work... ...oss the country at many prestigious universities for economics professors. As an economics major, graduates could work for the National Institute of Health as an Operations Research Analyst, as an accountant (anywhere), or in almost any research or marketing opening. The Centers for Disease Control even require economists; they currently have positions open for post-doctorate fellowships. These are just a sampling of the job opportunities in the field and related fields of economics. With very little research, anyone interested in economics could find a plethora of interesting and challenging careers pursuable within the realm of economics. Works Cited The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia Copyright  © 1994, 2000, Columbia University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Press. Licensed from Columbia University Press. http://www.careerbuilder.com searched (economics) http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/bus/A0816721.html http://www.whitehouse.gov/fsbr/employment.html Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2002.  © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Understanding Business. Nickels, William G. McHugh, James M. McHugh, Susan M. Copyright 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. New York, New York.

Swot Analysis: Javanet Internet Cafe

SWOT Analysis: JavaNet Internet Cafe Business Overview JavaNet Internet Cafe is to be the first high tech internet cafe in Eugene, Oregon. The cafe will provide computer equipment, as well as high speed internet access as well as coffee and bakery items. The appeal of this company is to provide advanced internet services to the public that may not be affordable in home use. Also, the business plan includes a training staff to assist new internet users in learning the basics of the internet. The goal of this plan is to provide an upscale social and educational environment for those who desire internet access as well as social interaction and technical assistance. Strengths JavaNet has sought out a knowledgeable staff who are eager to teach internet basics to new users. They have purchased state of the art equipment which will appeal to users who may not be able to afford the best equipment in their home or office. The company will offer a higher-class environment than other coffee houses or internet cafes. The amenities will include hard wood tables and booths, track lighting, local art, and upscale coffee house equipment. The business appears to have sufficient capital from grants and investors to maintain operations for the first year. The small scale of the business requires only a small staff, and the business model appropriately includes the necessary management. The market segments are accurately identified as a split between new internet users, and the more experienced â€Å"power users†. The business plan includes appropriate services for both segments. The marketing plan is effective for this type of business. Local advertisement and newspaper ads will be appropriate for the local scale of the business. Weaknesses Like any other technology based company, JavaNet is heavily dependent on a rapidly changing market. Computer technology, to include hardware and software as well as the users evolve very quickly. While computer technology may require the most attention in a dual service business such as this one, the other half should not be neglected. It seems as though not enough thought has gone to the coffee shop aspect of the business. In order to be competitive with the high volume of coffee shops in Eugene, a staff who is knowledgeable and trained in making and serving specialty drinks will also be necessary. Opportunities Since this business was to open in 1998, the demand for public internet access was high. In Eugene, Oregon, JavaNet would be the first cafe to offer internet access as well as specialty coffee. There are several high end coffee suppliers in the region and wholesale cost for quality coffee beans is relatively low compared to resale value. The demand for gourmet coffee is high, and should do well with the quickly growing interest in internet access. At the time, in 1998, home internet access was not affordable for everyone, and the dial up services were certainly not as fast as the T2 connections being offered by JavaNet. Access to new and expensive Software applications would be available to customers that would not normally be available unless the person had access to an office or school computer lab. Threats The greatest threat to this business plan may be offering services that are appealing enough to bring customers from their home to the cafe. As technology advances, the cost of ownership for high tech computing and internet equipment goes down. The equipment that is available in the cafe may soon be available for home purchase at an affordable cost. Having seen the â€Å"future† since the start up of this business, we now know that high speed internet access is available in the home at a very affordable price. Many larger, mainstream food franchises now offer wi-fi (high speed wireless internet access) in their establishments. McDonald's and Starbucks are two of the first companies to offer free wi-fi in almost all of their United States locations. For JavaNet to remain successful and competitive, the owners and staff must continually modify and evolve their business plan to be one step ahead of the services that are offered for in-home use. In 1998, a high speed internet connection along with laser printing and access to popular software, such as Adobe Photoshop and Microsoft Office applications were not affordable to many for home use. Ten years later, most of these items are commonplace in the home. Another threat will be competition from similar businesses. While JavaNet may be at the front of the Cybercafe wave in Eugene, similar businesses will be starting in the near future. The owners and operators must be able to foresee the competition and have the ingenuity to offer cutting edge services that are not available from the competition. References Internet Cafe Business Plan. (n. d. ). Retrieved July 18th, 2009, from http://www. bplans. com/internet_cafe_business_plan/executive_summary_fc. cfm

Essay on My Own Reconstruction Plan after the Civil War

After the great battle of the American Civil War was fought, and the North won, a bigger battle still had to take place; reconstruction. Reconstruction after the war was not going to be easy, and it was not. What was the primary goal? What should be done to ex-confederates? Free Blacks? How should this reconstruction take place? Many of these questions were solved by the government, but how well? Reconstruction could have gone very differently, and that is what I intend to show. I will develop my own reconstruction policy for the United States after the American Civil War, dealing with several critical points, and the overall re-integration of the south into the Union. My policy is based on equality for the South and North, and making†¦show more content†¦They would not be thrown in prison, and their rights as a citizen of the Union would be preserved. I think this would be best, because it would appease the many surviving confederate soldiers. Union veterans may not like i t, but it was only fair. Both the Union and the Confederacy killed the enemies men, and while this was wrong, you could not prosecute every single solider in the Union army and the confederate army, so the only option was to pardon everyone. It could be like, an amnesty to soldiers who served in the war. This way, both sides would be equal, the South was not being treated any better than the North, and Vice Vera. However, we know that in actual history, the Southern soldiers were treated worst than those of the North, because of radical republicans in the government. What should be done for the Freedman? Like I said above, I really don’t think that the Freedman should be dealed with first. Once they were dealed with, I believe they should have the full rights of a U.S Citizen, because that’s what they are. They should be freed from Bondage, and given the same opportunities as Whites. However that could almost never happen, and did not happen. People are always going to have prejudices, no matter what the law says. Even if a person does not hate Blacks, they could just prefer to hire a White man to do the same work. It’s something that still affects the Southern United States, and minimally in other areas. Who wouldShow MoreRelatedHow Did The Radical Republican s Rise For The Failure Of The Post Civil War Reconstruction?1619 Words   |  7 Pagesfailure of the post-civil war reconstruction? The time between 1863, when Lincoln passed the ten percent act, until the year 1877, when reconstruction was officially ended, will be e valuated with information provided by the sources. The investigation will specifically look to how the Lincoln assassination allowed for the rise in the Radical Republican Party from 1866 to 1868 and the party’s effect on reconstruction acts leading to the failure of the post-civil war reconstruction era. 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